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Suzy B Software 2
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Suzy B Software CD-ROM 2 (1994).iso
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1995-05-02
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OVERVIEW OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE'S COMPUTER/DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM
===============================================================
Computer/Data Processing
The Orbiter data processing subsystem handles
data processing,data transfer,data entry,and
data display in conjunction with the operations of
the Orbiter avionics systems.The data
processing system consists of the following.
1. Five general purpose computers for
computation and control
2. Two magnetic-tape mass memories for large-
volume bulk storage
3. Time-shared serial-digital data buses
(essentially party lines)to accomodate the data
traffic between the computers and other Orbiter
subsystems
4. Nineteen multiplexer-demultiplexer units to
convert and format data at various subsystems
5. Three remote engine interface units to
command the Orbiter main rocket engines
6. Four multifunction television display systems for the crew to
monitor and control the Orbiter
and payload systems
General-purpose computer.-Each general-
purpose computer is a modified IBM AP-101
microprogram-controlled computer.The
computer has a 106,496-word(36 bits to the
word)memory.The Apollo command module
computer had a central memory of 38,912 words
(16 bits to the word).
As part of the fail-safe design of the avionics
system,four of the five computers are arranged
as a redundant group during critical flight
operations such as launch/ascent or
entry/landing.In this mode,the four computers
are linked as a voting set,with each one capable
of being used as the flight control computer and
with each one checking the other three.The
crew can select which of the four computers is in
control.The fifth computer is used for the backup
flight control system,which would control the
Shuttle should all four voting computers fail.
Each of the four computers in the redundant set
synchronizes itself to the other three computers
440 times each second.In this way,the computer
set is able to achieve a high degree of reliability.
During noncritical flight periods,one computer is
used for guidance,navigation,and control tasks
and another for systems management.The
remaining three can be used for payload
mamgement or can be deactivated.
During critical phases of the mission,each of the
five computers in the system performs
approximately 325,000 operations each second
using floating-point arithmatic. The crew can ask
more than 1000 questions of the system and have
the information displayed as alphanumeric symbols,
as graphs,or as a combination of the two
(including moving and flashing characters or
symbols)on any of the four CRTs.
Main memory.-In addition to the central
memory stored in the computers themselves,
34,000,000 bits of information are also stored in
two magnetic-tape devices.Critical programs
and data are loaded in both tape machines and
are protected from erasure.Normally,one mass
memory unit is activated for use and the other is
held in reserve for operation if the primary unit
fails.However,it is possible to use both units
simultaneously on separate data buses or to have
both communicate with separate computers.
Data bus.-The data bus network consists of
digital data signal paths between the computers
and the avionics subsystems and secondary
channels between the telemetry system and the
units that collect instrumentation data.This
system is also fail-safe.
The data transfer technique uses time-division
multiplexing with pulse-code modulation.In this
system,data channels are multiplexed together,
one after the other,and information is coded on
any given channel by a series of binary pulses
corresponding to discrete information.Twenty-
four data buses are on the Orbiter and an
additional 28 buses connect the Orbiter avionics
with the Solid Rocket Boosters and the External
Tank.
Multiplexer-demultiplexer.-The multiplexer-
demultiplexer units are used in numerous remote
locations of the Orbiter to handle the functions of
serial data time multiplexing-demultiplexing
associated with the digital data buses and for
signal conditioning.They act as translators,
putting information on or taking it off the data
buses.
Master timing unit.-All Orbiter and payload
data are time-tagged with coordinated universal
time and mission-elapsed time generated by the
master timing unit.This device also supplies
syncronizing signals to other electronic circuts
as required and to the computers.
Data Processing Software
The software stored in and executed by the
Orbiter general-purpose computers is the most
sophisticated and complex set of programs ever
developed for aerospace use.The programs are
written to accommodate almost every aspect of
Shuttle operations including vehicle checkout at
the manufacturer's plant;flight turnaround activity
at the Kennedy Space Center;prelaunch and final
countdown;and navigation,guidance,and control
during the ascent,orbital,entry,and landing
phases and during abort or other contingency
mission phases.In-flight programs monitor the
status of vehicle subsystems;provide
consumables computations;control the opening
and closing of payload bay doors;operate the remote
manipulator system;perform fault detection and
annunciation;provide for payload monitoring,
commanding,control,and data acquisition;
provide antenna pointing for the various
communications systems;and provide backup
guidance,navigation,and control for the ascent,
orbital,entry,and landing phases and for aborts.
These primary computer programs are written so
that they can be executed by a single computer or
by all computers executing an identical program
in the same time frame.This multicomputer mode
is used for critical flight phases such as launch,
ascent,entry,and aborts.
The Orbiter software for a major mission phase
must fit into the 106,496-word central memory of
each computer.To accomplish all the computing
functions referred to(for all phases)would
require approximately 400,000 words of
computer memory.To fit the software needed into
the computer memory space availiable,computer
programs have been subdivided into nine memory
groups corresponding to the functions executed
during specific flight and checkout phases.For
example,one memory group accommodates final
countdown,ascent,and aborts;another,orbital
operations;and yet another,the entry and landing
computations.Different memory groups support
checkout and turnaround operations and systems
management functions.Orbiter computers are
loaded with different memory groups from
magnetic tapes containing the desired programs.
In this way,all the software needed can be stored
in mass memory units(tape machines)and loaded
into the computers only when actually needed.
Software architecture.-The Orbiter computer
programs are written in a hierarchy that contains
two levels.
The first level is the system software group,
which consists of three sets of programs:(1)the
flight computer operating program(the
executive),which controls the processors,
monitors key system parameters,allocates
computer resources,provides for orderly
program interrupts for higher priority activities,
and updates computer memory;(2)the user
interface program,which provides instructions
for processing crew commands or requests;and
(3)the system control program which initializes
each computer and arranges for multicomputer
operation during critical flight periods.The
system software group programs also tell the
computers how to perform and how to
communicate with the other equipment.
The second level of memory groups is the
applications processing software.This group
contains specific software programs for
guidance,navigation,and control;systems
management;payload operations;and vehicle
checkout.The two program groups are combined
to form a memory configuration for a specific
mission phase.The guidance,navigation,and
control programs contain functions required for
launching,flying into orbit,maneuvering onorbit,
and returning to an Earth landing.The systems
management programs handle data management,
performance monitoring,and special and display
control processing.The payload processing
programs contain instructions for control and
monitoring of Orbiter payload systems.This set
of instructions can be revised depending on the
nature of the payload.The vehicle checkout
program contains instructions for loading the
memories in the main engine computers and for
checking the instrumentation system.This
program also aids in vehicle subsystem checkout
and in ascertaining that the crew displays and
controls perform properly.It is also used to
update inertial measurement unit state vectors.
Programing.-Coding of the Orbiter software
programs is accomplished in the same manner as
for the general-purpose ground-based
computers.In general,the operating system
programs are coded in basic assembly language.
Applications programs(e.g.,the guidance,
navigation,and control software)are written
using high-order languages(such as the IBM
FORTRAN series).In Orbiter computers,the
operating system executive is coded in
assembly language.The remaining two operating
system programs and all four applications
programs are written in HAL/S,a high-order
language especially developed for NASA to be
used in real-time space applications.It uses a
base that is oriented toward the mathematics
employed in guidance and navigation algorithms
(detailed logical procedures for solving
problems).
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